Charles Mingus (1922–1979), bassist-composer-bandleader, fused gospel- and blues-charged modernism with collective improvisation, Ellingtonian colour and biting social commentary. Through his Jazz Workshop he cultivated fearless ensembles. Cornerstones: Mingus Ah Um, The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady, Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus, Let My Children Hear Music; signature pieces “Fables of Faubus,” “Goodbye Pork Pie Hat.”